The Need to Address Poverty in Canada - 990 Words

Poverty is a serious issue in Canada needs to be addressed promptly. Poverty is not simply about the lack of money an individual has; it is much more than that. The World Bank Organization defines poverty by stating that, â€Å"Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time†. In Canada, 14.9 percent of Canada’s population has low income as Statistics Canada reports, which is roughly about two million of Canadians in poverty or on the verge of poverty. In addition, according to an UNICEF survey, 13.3 percent of Canadian children live in†¦show more content†¦The government needs to provide more support and police hours to these types of neighbour hoods. The only reason the crime rates are up is due to the lack of cops in that area. Furthermore, the prices of h ouses have been increasing in Canada rapidly. To find a suitable place to live which is affordable is becoming really rare due to the increase in real estate. As the prices rise, the people who are not as fortunate as the rest of us are forced to live in deprived areas. This will cause the upbringing of children to be difficult which might ultimately lead to poverty. Thus, through providing funding for affordable and appropriate housing, Canada can start to diminish the homeless population. The issue of economic inequality has ruined the economy of the United States completely. This issue is making its way to Canada, which is causing more of its citizens to go into poverty. When this problem first started to arise, it was strongly ignored by the government because they believed it would not cause a problem. However, over the past twenty years, it has increased rapidly which caused the gap between rich and poor to became enormous. Moreover, the wealth of the rich strongly depends on the disadvantage of the poor. The only way the rich will stay rich is if the poor stay poor. The top one percent of Canadians receive 318,000 dollars on average whereas the bottom ninety percent receive only 28,000 dollars. If the poor start getting highShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The Poverty Of Canada1236 Words   |  5 Pagesevery group of seven people in Canada there is one person who knows this isn’t impossible at all; it’s their reality, and it’s called poverty . Being one of the eight richest and highly industrialized countries in the entire world, and apart of the G8 countries, Canada is still the only one that hasn’t devised a national anti-poverty plan or even a housing plan. Which is absurd, because according to a 2010 report by the Wellesley Institute titled Precarious Housing in Canada between 150,000 –to 300,000Read MoreMurders And Death Of Indigenous Women933 Words   |  4 Pagesthere has always been discrimination against these groups since they are seen at the bottom of the social class scale. This was the first time in Canadian history where a certain social group were marginalized; the white people who first settled in Canada looked at indigenous people and didn’t believe that they belonged to there society. However, in todays society we have laws that prevent decriminalization, but that does not resolve the problem since many indigenous people are constantly being murderedRead MoreHomelessness : A Revie w Of Literature Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness: A Review of Literature A vast amount of studies have been conducted on homelessness in Canada and what the looks like in our society. How can we change this to become a mare successful ideas of help?The main topic that is going to try to be addressed is Homelessness and how help may be provided to those who are in need. The first thing that needs to be addressed is how displayed in the following articles and are they beneficial to our society. The ideas that the following articleRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health than people with high incomes. In numerous Canadian studies and reports, there has been more emphasis on health being based on an individual’s characteristics, choices and behaviours, rather than the role that income plays as a social determinant of health. Although Canada has one of the highest income economiesRead MorePoverty : Causes And Consequences Of Poverty1484 Words   |  6 Pages(CURRENT CANADIAN ISSUES) TITLE: POVERTY IN CANADA DUE APRIL 12, 2017  SECTION A: Cause and Consequences of Poverty: a) Cause of Poverty: When a country is facing a change in its’ trends such as economy, inadequate education, high rate of divorce, overpopulation, epidemic and spreading diseases such as AIDS, climate and environmental issues such as insufficient rainfall, it could be a potential victim of poverty someday. Poverty is becoming so broad across Canada and approximately one out of sevenRead MoreEssay about Making Social Rights a Human Right1741 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss why social rights should be human rights. Poverty, capitalism, and government will be the motives used to explain why social rights should be considered human rights and be enforceable in a court of law. Although the costs of social rights would result in higher taxes, the benefits would far exceed the costs. It would greatly reduce the majority of poverty and crime as well as improve overall health within our society. Various aspects of social rights will be examined whichRead MoreStroke In Nicaraguaagua Case Study851 Words   |  4 Pages there is an increasing need to eliminate the incidence of IHDs in the economy and reduce its impact by setting key priorities in place that targets primary disease prevention measures. In addition, there is a need to address the social determinants of health that can maximize a supportive environment to en-able individuals especially in low and middle countries to make informed choices that can have favourable benefits on their health and well being. Political To address the issue of stroke in NicaraguaRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And How It Is And Will Further Effect Canadian Communities1183 Words   |  5 Pagesto affect people all over the world and is finally becoming a problem that the government is forced to address (Meili, 2013). Lack of housing can cause citizens, especially children, to develop physical, mental and emotional problems. Poverty manages to be a major concern that has been recently addressed. The right to have a healthy living condition is not balanced equally among Canadians. Poverty is a growing issue and should be one of the government’s top priorities in order to avoid health problemsRead MoreThe Economic Status Of Older Women1326 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Status Of Older Women In Canada Studies have shown economic disparities between married women, unmarried women, and those who are divorced or separated later in life. Each of these women will experience a different standard of living and financial well-being based on the circumstances of their life course (Davies Denton, 2002). In 2008 women living alone had the highest rate of low income with an after-tax poverty rate of 17%, while men had a 12% after-tax poverty rate (Milan Vezina, 2011Read MoreProblems And Challenges Of Poverty1595 Words   |  7 PagesPROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF POVERTY IN SASKATCHEWAN Literally, poverty is a condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor1. It is a multi-faceted issue that include problems regarding income, cost-of-living, health and social cohesion1. Poverty affects multiple group of persons in the society and no one is immune to its consequences. Overtime, there has been a strong association between poverty and many health conditions such as chronic diseases (diabetes

Christian Diors Influence On Fashion - 1983 Words

Christian Dior was a dominating force in the fashion industry starting in 1947, he created the â€Å"new look† which altered the female silhouette and strayed from the wartime fabric restrictions following World War II. Dior was a man at the right place and at the right time, he brought beauty and glamour back into the dull clothing worn during and after the war and re-established Paris as the epicenter of Haute Couture. Dior exploded onto the Paris fashion scene and reintroduced femininity and focus on luxury to women s fashion (Christian Dior, n.d.). In a growing world of ready to wear, Dior brought haute couture back and altered the fashion industry after times of despair; he sought out to bring luxurious fashion back. Christian Dior’s revolutionary perspective on the styles following World War II changed the way the world viewed fashion and the aesthetics for everyday wear; he became a fashion dictator. Christian Dior was born on January 21st in Granville on the coast of Normandy in 1905, supported by his father’s highly successful fertilizer company, his family moved to Paris when he was a boy. Dior had an immense passion for art and hoped to become an architect but his father had hopes that he would become a diplomat. Dior became enrolled into political science at the École des Sciences Politiques and after graduation opened a small art gallery with financial support from his father as long as he didn’t use the Dior name on the gallery door. After his father’s businessShow MoreRelatedChristian Diors Influence On Art1266 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: On January 21, 1905, Christian Dior was born to Isabelle and Alexandre Louise Maurice Dior in Granville, France. He live in Granville until the age of 10 years old when his parents moved him and his four siblings to Paris. While living in Paris, Dior had gained a love for art. Though Christian had a strong desire for art, he studied political science in order to please his parents. After college he became a diplomat, but was short lived when Christian opened an art gallery with the financialRead MoreChristian Dior: A New Look for Haute Couture553 Words   |  2 PagesSituation Analysis Born in 1905, Christian Dior, a fashion designer, became a fashion icon in the early 1940s. Before becoming a fashion icon, however, he initially was interested in art and architect. In 1928, after graduating college, he opened his own Art Boutique that displayed works from Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Max Jacob. Unfortunately, in 1931, he had to close his boutique after his mom and brother died. Shortly after, he became a design assistant by Paris couturierRead More Chanels Influence On Fashion Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesChanel’s Influence on Fashion Coco Chanel was one of the most influential fashion designers of the Twentieth Century and she was the first significant female fashion designer. The fashion world was impacted by Chanel’s phoenix like return to fashion after her retirement in 1953. Chanel introduced men and women to practical yet elegant styles. Although Chanel has been deceased for forty-one years her undeniable influence on fashion and women’s roles in society will be remembered for generationsRead MoreThe Fashion Of Christian Dior Essay2171 Words   |  9 Pagesto study the French fashion house, Christian Dior SE. During the past seven decades, Christian Dior has transformed its brand from just another high end fashion house into a name synonymous with wealth, sophistication, power, dignity, and prestige. Christian Dior stands in a league of its own in our culture. It’s a mega brand with major influence over fashion and business. Instead of spending hours hunting down financial records and hiring practices for a smaller house, Christian Dior appealed to meRead MoreYves Saint Laurents Life Of Becoming A Fashion Designer1392 Words   |  6 Pagesmother to wear. He also enjoyed making little doll figures. The fashion world was a place of piece in Yves world of torture. In school he was often bullied due to be homosexual. When Saint Laurent was at the age of 17 years old his mother took him to Paris to officially pursue his dreams of becoming a fashion designer. He enrolled in to a stint fashion school, but that was short live when he won a design contest. Due to winning that fashion design contest he was given the opportunity to meet Vogue editorRead MoreHaute Couture Influences Ready-to-wear1910 Words   |  8 PagesFashion has been around ever since ancient times, since the time of the Romans, it survived the world wars and is yet today a business with rapid changes. Fashion started off as an art form, a way for the riches to show their social status with unique and innovative designs that only they could afford. It was a way to separate the social classes of the society. In this paper I will include the creator of haute couture, and how the following designers developed couture, as well as having leading namesRead MoreThe Clothing Styles By Christian Dior1453 Words   |  6 PagesFashion By taking a look at the clothing styles worn by a group of individuals, we can comprehend a great fragment regarding the prevailing social values of the generation. Polyester was the material of choice and bright colours were everywhere. Men and women alike, wore tight fitting pants and platform shoes. Christian Dior In 1947 the French designer Christian Dior dispatched his Corolle line, a collection re-establishing and modifying the square shouldered and straight female figure after theRead MoreA Visual Folio Showing How Dior Changed The World1542 Words   |  7 Pagesinventions on the world. My project relates strongly with this as I am researching how Christian Dior changed the fashion world with his inventions and how the styles he created revolutionised fashion after World War Two. He invented styles that are still being worn and loved by women. I was particularly interested in learning what is it about the brand that people love so much and how he was able to influence so many people with his designs. I intended of achieving the goal by reaching, collectingRead MoreMarketing on Christian Dior Essay2425 Words   |  10 Pagescompanies achieve their marketing corporate objectives through a comparison of two different companies based on their marketing mix. 1.2 The two companies that will be based on this report are Christian Dior and its competitor Chanel. Both companies are in the fashion industry. They are the top fashion brands to be known throughout the world. 1.3 The marketing mix includes 7 P’s. The basic ones are, Product, Price, Place, Promotion, the extra ones are People, Processes, and Physical EvidenceRead MoreFashion History2131 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction What is fashion? Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they dont care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day. One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world ­wide

Wireless Sensor Network

Question: Discuss about theWireless Sensor Network. Answer: Wireless Sensor Network for Water Quality Monitoring In this report we will discuss about use of wireless sensor network in case of domain of water quality monitoring. The purpose of this report is to draw a network diagram of wireless sensor network for water quality monitoring. In this network diagram, we will represent topology and types of nodes such as normal node, sink node and clusterhead node. Besides this, we will also emphasize on some other important information regarding wireless sensor network in this particular domain. Wireless Sensor networks provide significant advantages both in case of cost and distributed intelligence. Besides this, reduction in expenses of installation and maintenance is also possible with the help of wireless sensor networks. These networks have considerable attention in environmental and industrial monitoring and control applications. Due to these reasons, we have decided to use wireless sensor network for monitoring quality of water. As we know that due to polluted environment, quality of water is diminishing day by day and it effects health of human beings. That is why now water controllers are emphasizing to control quality of water and using advanced wireless network sensors. Now in next segment of this report we will draw a diagram and discuss about network design of wireless sensor for water quality monitoring. Network Design for Wireless Sensor System for Water Quality Monitoring Here in this segment of report we will discuss in detail network design of wireless sensor that will be used for measuring water quality monitoring. In this diagram, sensor nodes and various modules are used to control monitoring. This whole process of monitoring is done with the help of internet. The main components of this whole wireless sensor system are database, data visualization, email alerts etc. All these components are connected through internet with each other. (Monitoring, 2014) As we can see in above image that how quality detection has been carried out with the help of wireless detection system. Traditionally water quality detection was carried out manually and in this process water samples are collected manually and these are sent to the laboratories for evaluation. But this method was failed to deliver real time data. That is why river water quality monitoring system has started. The above given system architecture is strong and secure for implementing this process of wireless sensor system to check water quality. Now in next segment of this report, we will emphasize on some essential components of this given architecture of wireless sensor system. A better design of a system depends upon some essential choices such as goal of design, number of nodes required, environment for deployment and technology of choices. So in next segment we will emphasize on some essential choices that have used in development of this wireless sensor system. Goals of Designing Wireless Network for Water Quality Monitoring The main goal for above designed wireless network is monitoring of quality of water. As we have discussed above that conventional testing system for measuring quality was not so good. The main goal of this system is to provide real time data regarding quality of water and to monitor three essential parameters that are continuously affecting quality of water and these parameters are pH, temperature of water and conductivity. This is an effective benefit that is provided by wireless network.( Faustine, Mvuma, Kucel, 2014) Suitable Topology and Routing Protocols This is wireless network is based on hierarchal approach of network topologies. The reason for using this topology is that in this topology whole monitoring process is divided into four general areas such as forming a cluster for comprising of several wireless sensor nodes that are required for sensing, collection and processing of data and communication. On other side, if we talk about routing protocols then suitable routing protocol is hierarchal routing protocols that classify sensor nodes according to their functionalities. This is main reason for using this routing protocol. Is this Communication Event-Driven and Time or Query Driven To decide that this wireless system is communication driven, event driven and Time and Query driven, it is required to check application, scalability of network and message. This wireless network sensor is event driven and in this a message will be sent whenever a node will be detected. This same system is implemented in this wireless system. (Google Books., 2016) Suitable Wireless System Best Suited for Application For this above discussed application, suitable wireless system is random system which is dynamic in nature because dynamic system provides help to manage network system according to changes in requirement. In case of dynamic system it is easy to add and modify components according to requirements. (Ieeexplore.ieee.org, 2016) Security Needs for System Both wired and wireless systems required security from network attacks such as hacking, phishing and denial of service attack and others. That is why security is very necessary to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality is related to security and privacy of data that is stored into system. In this wireless sensor networks confidential information must also be stored properly and only authorized access should be possible. In case of integrity, it is necessary to verify that updated and accurate data is accessed by all users. It means master record is updated only by administrator and it showing changes in all other connected databases. Availability means data should be accessible to all users who are connecting with database. But all users should be authorized and they should have login credentials to access their records from database. These are some essential choices to design this wireless sensor network for water quality measurement. If all these components will be used properly then successful results can get by users. References Monitoring, W. (2014). Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring. [online] Amrita University. Available at: https://www.amrita.edu/center/awna/research/water-quality [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Faustine, Mvuma, Kucel. (2014). Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring and Control within Lake Victoria Basin: Prototype Development. University of Dodoma, Tanzania. Google Books. (2016). Wireless Sensor Networks. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KUTSBQAAQBAJpg=PA653lpg=PA653dq=what+is+communication+driven,+event+driven+and+query+drivensource=blots=mpoq5OvT2msig=lRnk26QMn7qNkPNwSwBHu2nieFMhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwilvrbx-OHPAhWH54MKHeHaAEAQ6AEILzAE#v=onepageq=what%20is%20communication%20driven%2C%20event%20driven%20and%20query%20drivenf=false [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Ieeexplore.ieee.org. (2016). IEEE Xplore Document - HPEQ A Hierarchical Periodic, Event-driven and Query-based Wireless Sensor Network Protocol. [online] Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1550926/?reload=true [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016].

John Quincy Adams Was Born In 1767 In Braintree (now Quincy), Massachu

John Quincy Adams was born in 1767 in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts, and was the second child of two children. He was the sixth president of the United States, and devoted his life to serving the people. Of the 81 years he lived, 50 were spent in public office. His service ended only with his death at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. Adam's career of public service was one of the most varied in the colonies. He served as a diplomat, senator, secretary of state, president, and, for the last 17 years of his life, member of the House of Representatives. During the war of 1763 between France and Great Britain, some Americans followed Thomas Jefferson and urged support of France, but members of the Federalist (anti-Jefferson) party wanted an alliance between the U.S. and Great Britain. President Washington did not listen to either side and stated that America be neutral and not choose sides. As news of the president's ideas spread, more of the citizens began to support Washington less. Though the president was harshly seen, an anonymous author, using the pen name Publicola, published a series of articles in a Boston newspaper that was read throughout the nation. The articles sided with Washington's views and soon everyone began to agree with Washington's ideas. Soon, president Washington found out that Publicola was actually John Quincy Adams. Thus, Adams was appointed as diplomatic representative to the Netherlands. While serving in the Netherlands, Adams married Louisa Catherine Johnson and had 3 sons with her. The year after his father was defeated for reelection in 1800, John Quincy returned to Boston to practice law. In 1802, the Federalist Party leaders in Massachusetts helped him become elected to senate because of his past diplomatic records. Shortly afterward, in 1803, the Federalists in the state legislature elected him senator of Massachusetts. He disagreed heavily with the other senators in many issues such as the purchase of Louisiana and the passing of the Embargo Act. Later in 1808, several months before his term was up, the Massachusetts legislature elected another senator to replace him so Adams resigned. He then resumed his diplomatic career in 1809 when President James Madison appointed him U.S. diplomatic representative to Russia. Adams became an important asset to foreign relations, as Russia was the only European outlet for trade at that time. In 1817, John was called back to the U.S. to become secretary of state in the cabinet of James Monroe. It became a difficult time for him because Spain was having conflicts in Florida. Many hostile groups such as the Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and outlaws began to cross the U.S. border and Spain was required by treaty to stop them from crossing. Spain failed to do so, so U.S. captured certain cities in Florida. This caused conflict between the U.S. and the Seminoles so the U.S. burned a Seminole village. This caused the Seminoles to retaliate and start the First Seminole War. John Quincy Adams called for General Andrew Jackson to stop the Seminoles and he did by capturing more Florida cities. But, he executed 2 British soldiers and this caused heavy tension between Spain, Great Britain, and the U.S. So, Adams told Spain to either subdue the enemies or to cede to the U.S. Spain, after many revolts causing loss of power and many negotiations, agreed to the demands of Adams and Florida ceded to the U.S. Also, Adams secured another important concession from Spain. This was the western boundary of Louisiana , which was never agreed upon by the Louisiana Purchase where U.S. gained Louisiana. Acting on his own and not by the orders of the government, John persuaded Spain to agree that Louisiana ran all the way to the Pacific Ocean. This was a major asset because now America stretched from ocean to ocean. Later, Adams ran for president of the U.S. and won becoming the sixth president. This was not easily won, though. When the Electoral College voted for the candidates, none of them received a majority vote. So, by the 12th Amendment, the House was to vote for the 3 candidates with the most votes. John Quincy became one of the 3 candidates because he had received

Free Essays on The Death Of Love, The Birth Of Vengeance

(Following the cycle of blood shed among the relatives in the Orestia) It all started when Thyestes seduced Atreus’ wife and contested his right to the throne. To get even, Atreus killed Thyestes children and fed them to him. When Thyestes realized what his brother had done he cursed him and his descendants. From that point on the house of Atreus saw many wrongs and much retaliation. Vengeance was the theme that surrounded it. There‘s a Spanish quote that comes to mind when I think of the House of Atreus; â€Å"La venganza nunca es buena, mata el alma y te envenena.† Which means, â€Å"Vengeance is never a good thing, it kills your soul and it poisons you.† Except, it seems like for the House of Atreus the quote is more like â€Å"it poisons your soul and it kills you. † Atreus had two sons, Agammemnon and Menelaus. Agammemnon would be the second of the family to commit murder in cold blood. He however, did not kill to avenge something that had been done to him. He killed to get something he wanted. He wanted to win a war. A war to which he would take hundreds of warriors to fight and dieto return a woman to her husband. A woman who had left because she wanted to, not because the conflicting party had kidnapped her. Still, Agammemnon turns his daughter, Iphigeneia into a sacrificial victim for a God so that he can win the war. Like his father, Agammemnon lies to the victim. He tells his daughter and wife that they need to go to him because she is to be wed. When they get there instead of a wedding Iphigeneia receives death. After he kills her daughter Agammemnon goes on to fight and win the war. Mean while, he expects Clytaemnestra to be sitting in her living room writing about how much she misses her adorable husband. But how can she? The man he married and loved leaves to go in search of a woman who left because she wanted to. Than after lying to her, he kills one of their children. And when he returns, he returns ten l... Free Essays on The Death Of Love, The Birth Of Vengeance Free Essays on The Death Of Love, The Birth Of Vengeance (Following the cycle of blood shed among the relatives in the Orestia) It all started when Thyestes seduced Atreus’ wife and contested his right to the throne. To get even, Atreus killed Thyestes children and fed them to him. When Thyestes realized what his brother had done he cursed him and his descendants. From that point on the house of Atreus saw many wrongs and much retaliation. Vengeance was the theme that surrounded it. There‘s a Spanish quote that comes to mind when I think of the House of Atreus; â€Å"La venganza nunca es buena, mata el alma y te envenena.† Which means, â€Å"Vengeance is never a good thing, it kills your soul and it poisons you.† Except, it seems like for the House of Atreus the quote is more like â€Å"it poisons your soul and it kills you. † Atreus had two sons, Agammemnon and Menelaus. Agammemnon would be the second of the family to commit murder in cold blood. He however, did not kill to avenge something that had been done to him. He killed to get something he wanted. He wanted to win a war. A war to which he would take hundreds of warriors to fight and dieto return a woman to her husband. A woman who had left because she wanted to, not because the conflicting party had kidnapped her. Still, Agammemnon turns his daughter, Iphigeneia into a sacrificial victim for a God so that he can win the war. Like his father, Agammemnon lies to the victim. He tells his daughter and wife that they need to go to him because she is to be wed. When they get there instead of a wedding Iphigeneia receives death. After he kills her daughter Agammemnon goes on to fight and win the war. Mean while, he expects Clytaemnestra to be sitting in her living room writing about how much she misses her adorable husband. But how can she? The man he married and loved leaves to go in search of a woman who left because she wanted to. Than after lying to her, he kills one of their children. And when he returns, he returns ten l...

Betty Botter Tongue Twister to Practice the B Sound

Betty Botter Tongue Twister to Practice the B Sound Tongue twisters are fun words games we use to challenge our pronunciation. As an English learner, you can use tongue twisters to help with pronunciation of certain consonant sounds in combination with a wide variety of vowels. In this tongue twister, Betty Botter, you can work on your bs. Use lots of breath to help you get the plosive b sound strong. Remember that b is voiced  - pronounced using the vocal chords by a strong explosion of air through the lips. Betty Botter Betty Botter had some butter,But, she said, this butters bitter.If I bake this bitter butter,it would make my batter bitter.But a bit of better butterthat would make my batter better. So she bought a bit of butter,better than her bitter butter,and she baked it in her batter,and the batter was not bitter.So twas better Betty Botterbought a bit of better butter. Listen to  Ã‚  Betty Botter  a number of times and then try it for yourself! Improving Your Pronunciation of B Better Botter helps you practice b. The b sound is voiced and is similar to the p sound which is voiceless. The difference between the two sounds is that the b uses the voice. Practice the difference in these sounds with minimal pairs - words that only have a difference between the b and p sound.   bob - popblob - plopbeg - pegpitch - bitchpeck - beck Feel the Sound Difference Place your hand on your throat and say bag and you will feel a vibration for both b and go. Place your hand on your throat and say pop and youll feel no vibration at all. To practice the difference, try the Peter Piper tongue twister below which focuses on the voiceless p.

Business to Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business to Business Marketing - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of advantages and disadvantages of trading block. A trade block represents a group of countries who make an agreement among themselves that they will not trade with the countries except the member countries. It is an economic integration has some significant economic advantages. Some important advantages are the followings. ï‚ ¦ Being a member of trading bloc, a country will get the benefit of elimination of transaction cost between the member countries. ï‚ ¦ In a trading bloc, there is single market single currency across the union like Euro in all the countries in EU which make sense for the trade in the same medium of transaction. ï‚ ¦ Trade block is an effective inflation controller. Apart from having some beneficial areas, trade block has some painful difficulties. Some disadvantages are the followings. ï‚ ¦ If a country can produce or manufacture a good at a comparatively at a low cost as well as can sell at low price than the regional producer of a the neighbour country under trade block, then the retailer of that neighbour country cannot import that good from there at lower price so that it can sell in lower price in domestic market and can increase the demand. ï‚ ¦ The researcher believes a loss of sovereignty in the countries of EMU is there because of countries not having individual central bank run the domestic government of a country. ï‚ ¦ Some economies argued that cost advantages and trade benefit are grossly overestimate which does not reflects the real picture and recent Euro crisis is the result of long term overestimation of these. ... ighbour country under trade block, then the retailer of that neighbour country cannot import that good from there at lower price so that it can sell in lower price in domestic market and can increase the demand. I believe a loss of sovereignty in the countries of EMU is there because of countries not having individual central bank run the domestic government of a country. So, government are elected by different people of different countries but the economy is same and this is a dispute of sovereignty across the countries. I think overestimation of trade benefit results likely a wrong picture of the trade union. Some economies argued that cost advantages and trade benefit are grossly overestimate which does not reflects the real picture and recent Euro crisis is the result of long term overestimation of these (OECD, 2000, P.6). B) Influence of trading bloc in B2B business Some important benefits always positively influence the businesses within the trade block like the countries in EM U don’t have pay the tariff for doing business among all the countries of the union. This reduces a huge operational cost and products and services get the price benefit. Apart from this a huge currency liberal market is there for any product and services the market can be beneficial by saving a huge amount of transactional cost. Similarly the disadvantages of trading block have footprints into the union market. The retailers are likely forced to get supply of goods by from the producer in comparatively high price within the union. This is because the producer in the trade block gets a monopoly advantage due to the bloc of import by the retailers from outside countries. Answer2 A) Concept of added value in B2B market A restructuring of features and benefits or enhancement added to a

Holistic Care of the Adult across the Age Continuum Scholarship Essay

Holistic Care of the Adult across the Age Continuum - Scholarship Essay Example 2. Element (i) consists of short answer questions focusing on numeracy skills in relation to acute and continuing care issues. Students will be required to answer ALL questions correctly in this component (element requires 100% to pass). The use of a calculator is permitted to confirm answers. (Weighting: pass of element (i) constitutes 30% of examination total) 3. Element (ii) consists of long answer questions based on an unseen scenario. A selection of three scenarios will be given and the student will be required to select ONE scenario only. Each scenario is divided into two parts: Part 1 - Acute Care: requires the student to discuss and analyse appropriate assessment and management of care strategies adopting an ABCDE approach. Part 2 - Continuing Care: requires the student to examine longer term, holistic care needs in relation to self management of disease, pertinent to the given scenario (weighting 70% of examination) 'The emphasis is on ability to relate complex elements of knowledge to one another; to seek links and to demonstrate a critical approach to data, evidence and where appropriate reflect on experience. ''This should illustrate ability to audit own skills and to demonstrate understanding of how the student monitors personal development and learning.' N.B. Length: '2000 or word equivalence' N.B. It is permissible to exceed the stated word limit by up to 10%, without penalty. Assignments which exceed these limits are liable to be penalised by the deduction of 5 marks per 1000 words excess (e.g. If a 1000 word assignment, 5 marks off for 1101-2000words, 10 marks off for 2101-3100 words, and so on). Specific Guidelines: '1. The unseen examination will be 2 hours in length and consist of two elements 2. Element (i) consists of short answer questions focusing on numeracy skills in relation to acute and continuing care issues. Students will be required to answer ALL questions correctly in this component (element requires 100% to pass). The use of a calculator is permitted to confirm answers. (Weighting: pass of element (i) constitutes 30% of examination total) 3. Element (ii) consists of long answer questions based on an unseen scenario. A selection of three scenarios will be given and the student will be required to select ONE scenario only. Each scenario is divided into two parts: Part 1 - Acute Care: requires the student to discuss and analyse appropriate assessment and management of care strategies adopting an ABCDE approach. Part 2 - Continuing Care: requires the student to examine longer term, holistic care needs in relation to self management of disease, pertinent to the given scenario (weighting 70% of examination) 4. Element (ii) should analyse relevent and appropriate evidence based practice' Confidentiality Please refer to the Student Guidelines Relating to the maintenance of Confidentiality in Assignments found in the module handbook. Anonymous Marking: With reference to The Principles and Regulations 2006/7 Appendix A, the Faculty of Health and Social Care will apply anonymous marking (AM) to all assessed work, where it is practicable to do so. N.B. You must

Critical Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Critical Appraisal Essay This exclusive practical session revolves around students attachment to family doctor or general practitioner. Beforehand, a sound understanding and distinguishable comparison between these two specialty is necessary to perform this task efficiently. Family medicine is a medical specialty that provides continuing and comprehensive health care for the individual and family across all ages, genders, diseases, and all parts of the body. It is based on knowledge of the patient in the context of the family and community, emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion. According to the World Organization of Family Doctors, the aim of family medicine is to provide personal, comprehensive and continuing care for the individual in the context of the family and community. On the other hand, general practitioner is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients. The good general practitioners will treat patients both as people and as a population. In some healthcare systems general practitioners work in primary care healthcare centers where they play a central role in the healthcare team. Nevertheless, in some models of care general practitioners work as single-handed practitioners. In conjunction with this block, I visited a local puskesmas to understand more about role of a general practitioner and family physician. Physical Access , Convenience and Facilities The clinic I was designated to is Puskesmas Danurejan I. The puskesmas is located in Bausasran, Danurejan in Yogyakarta. After being renovated and improvised since December 2011, Puskesmas Danurejan possesses new physical structure and more sophisticated facilities. Now, the puskesmas has a new building, whereas the ground floor serves as an infectious and non-infectious area. The puskesmas is almost 656 meter squared in size with general consultation rooms, dental consultation rooms, emergency room, pharmacy and laboratory fitted in the ground floor. On the other hand, the first floor serves as the supporting facility . This floor contains the office, hygiene and sanitation department and prayer room. This health center is located in the midst of housing estates, and therefore very accessible to those living within close proximity. The housing area is also densely populated, with numerous shops, public amenities which makes it a rather ideal and conducive stay. The puskesmas is open daily on weekdays and Saturdays from 7. 30am to 3. 00pm. The puskesmas also has a landline which makes it reachable for any prior information before the peoples visit. One distinct setback of the setting is that of, the signboard was unclear and hidden in tree branches. The direction guiding the visitors are vague and not specified. This may be inconvenient for anyone who is about to make their very first visit without prominently knowing the location. Furthermore, there were not enough parking lots near the puskesmas. The Waiting Room The waiting room is spacious, sufficient to fit about 20 patients at an instance with appropriate number of chairs provided. The cleanliness and tidiness of the waiting room is also well maintained . There were garbage bins provided. The ventilation of the room is also well considered as there are presence windows for good air movement. Huge healthcare pamphlets and banners are also seen in the waiting room, aimed educate and enlighten patients. A staff was bserved in the waiting area as she is assigned to take vital signs of the patients and direct them to the physician as their turn comes. As we were walking pass the waiting room, I noticed surreptitious gazes from the patients who were rather clueless of our enthusiastic presence with white coats. I managed to start a conversation with a few patients even before tending to the consultation room for observation. Patient Load and Examination Room The patients who visit this puskesmas are mostly from the community living within close proximity to the center. Apparently, the densely populated housing estate are attracted to the recently renovated health center. The health center receives a generous average of 40 patients daily, most probably due to the satisfactory health care received and affordable charges. The examination room is rather small but sufficient to carry out basic physical examination, equipped with racks, table for physician and an examination bed. During my observation period, the physician received 5 patients. in which 3 of them were regular patients under controlled medications (hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients), with the other 2 having ordinary fever and viral flu. According to the doctor, most of his patients are children with acute illnesses and elderly patients facing chronic diseases. However, any serious medical complication which cannot be diagnosed or treated by the doctor is referred to the possible hospital. Physician-Patient Communication Based on my observation, the physician seemed to have mastered all crucial skills in order to provide the best for the patient. Firstly, I would like to discuss about the primary care management of the physician towards the patient. The doctor successfully connects with the patient via good communication and interpersonal skills, and subsequently put the patient at ease to express his complaints and condition. Therefore, the physician is able do deal competently with the problems presented to her. Even though the physician I observed has just completed internship, she has an amazing person centered care towards each of her patient. She understands and relates her patients as individuals and developed the ability to work in partnership. The physician encountered various different cases involving different ranging from a myriad of genders, age group and illness. However, she applies specific problem-solving skills about the context-specific aspects of general practice and successfully dealt with undifferentiated illness and skills. The duration of consultancy was about 10 minutes per patient for chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus and the interaction process took about 5 minutes. Shortly after my observation, I managed to have a word with the physician. She explained to me that the key to a good family physician is the comprehensive approach. It is about how one as a physician must be able to co-ordinate care of acute illness, chronic illness, health promotion and disease prevention in the general practice setting. Not to forget, to respect and honor the patients for an impeccable physician-patient communication. Besides she emphasized the importance to keep patients informed about their condition, listen and respect their views about their health and respond to their question. Documentation and Medical Records The medical records are stored very systematically in the center. There is an allocated room with limited accessibility to keep all of the documents safely in order to avoid breach of confidentiality of the documents. Only the administration personnel are permitted to enter. As we were informed, the documents of the medical record has been computerized using a programme called MedCis System. However, the manual means are still practiced in the physicians desk. The information is then transferred by the administration personnel. The medical record on the hysicians desk is a piece of white-colored paper with patient identity particulars such as name, age, gender, registration number, and consultation date at the top. The remainder of the page is filled up by writing by the doctor himself, which are anamnesis, medical history, drug allergies, vital sign results, physical examination results, diagnosis, treatment and prescription. By the implementation of the computerized system, loss of data due to natural disaster is prevented. Besides, the patients privacy and confidentially is recognised as the system is well secured, in the sense no changes of previous medical history is made possible. The system can only be viewed by physicians for follow-ups and patient himself upon request. Clinical Care Processes The overall process of treatment is very structured indeed. It begins with registration and recording of vital signs. Later, the patients are directed accordingly to the appropriate departments namely psychology, nutrition, general consultation and dental consultation. After receiving their treatment, they were to settle payments before collecting their prescription from the pharmacy. As per clinical care specifically, the physician has performed necessary procedures to diagnose and treat the patient. The physician accomplishes her role as a family physician very successfully. Her anamnesis was very detailed and intricate. She thoroughly skims the past medical history, medication history, and latest prescription before she proceeds further. Concerning chronic diseases of the elderly like hypertension, she initiated by asking the patient how did they feel lately and if there were any relieve or aggravation from their condition. As the temperature, height, weight, blood pressure, respiratory rate and pulse rate has been obtained earlier from the registration personnel, she proceeds with treatment and prescription. The physician prescribes simple generic medicine for the patient which was available in the pharmacy. As for the child, she performed basic physical examination as he complained of body ache. I also observed that treating an elderly person and a child requires different approach altogether. Obviously, they had to be nurtured with care and respect. The physician was seen to have given importance to personal safety by the usage of gloves, masks, and hand sanitizer. This is an undisputedly important step to prevent nosocomial infections in the health center. One setback that I observed was in terms of educating the patients. The physician only provided the patients with very minimal input and education. Payment There are several paying methods made feasible by the puskesmas to facilitate the patients, namely insurance coverage and direct payment. For instance, Jaminan Kesihatan Masyarakat, Jaminan Kesihatan Daerah, Jaminan Kesihatan Social, Jaminan Kesihatan Persendirian and Jaminana Kesihatan AKS. Patients who owns insurance coverage as mentioned need not make any payment, whereas those without pays an amount as low as RP5000. 00. However, the medications has to be purchased by the patients at their own expense. For the most part of my observation, the patients receives prescription of their medication to be purchased themselves in the pharmacies, unless generic medicines which are provided in the puskesmas. I could deduce that the charges are very affordable compared to that of private practices. Therefore, quality medical care is made accessible to everyone regardless of their economic background. This is indeed extremely favorable in reaching out to the needs of the people in an actively developing region. Discussion In the context of satisfactory health care, patients gratification is substantial. This explains why health care providers should make extraordinary efforts in providing the best achievable standards of health care. In the context of Indonesia, family medicine is developing slowly, however a clear structure and guideline for patients has not been constructed. On the other hand, due to limited number of specialist available, most specialists carry out private general practice outside their work hours. This may reduce the efficiency of the physicians due to stress and overwork. Moreover, the general practitioners training programme is not welcomed and well supported by the specialist because they are held in direct competitions with the general practitioners. Pertaining the clinical attachment, the physician tried their level best to provide appropriate health care to her patients despite the limited resources. However, there is also abundant room for improvement in terms of educating the patient about prevention of diseases and the effects of medication prescribed. Besides, the physician should have given more enlightenment when concerning lifestyle related iseases, because at all times, prevention is better than care. On the whole, the entire health care team should work on the regulations concerning controlled medication to avoid abuse and overuse. Another most crucial point in family medicine is the community orientation. Community orientation is about the physical environment of your practice population, the need to understand the interrelationship between health and social care, and the tensions that may exist between individual wants and needs and the needs of the wider community. As a conclusion, holistic approach is about your ability to understand and respect your patients’ values, culture, family beliefs and structure, and understand the ways in which these will affect the experience and management of illness and health. I am very contented to be granted an opportunity for this clinical attachment. This would, in time, help me in my future endeavors as a doctor.

Studying - With Children! Essay -- Personal Narratives

Studying - With Children! When people think of starting over, a lot of different things come to mind. Starting over could be simply going back to the drawing board in a business venture, rewriting an English paper, or rearranging your life. Even rearranging your life can be from many different aspects. Alcoholics need to start over. Gamblers need to start over. Divorced people need to make a new start as well. In which direction does starting over take you? Starting over for me first of all meant finding a way to keep up with all of the payments a married couple acquire with a home and kids. Everyone always says, "you’ll be just fine." And I suppose that is true. Financially there is always a job out there. Maybe not a high paying job, but a job to get you by. There are other factors. The kids. There are a lot of questions that need to be answered, and depending on their ages will decide how you will answer them and how much information you will give. They do bounce back a lot quicker than us adults†¦ "Mom, are you alright?" asks a concerned four-year old. Ever since Larry...

Alabama School District Essay

The purpose of this research is to look at rural Alabama school districts and to look at the overall effects that the exit examinations have had on the teachers and how they choose to teach in their classrooms. The problem has been that it has been suggested that the exit examinations have been biased towards students who being taught in specific school districts and these are typically associated with the urban locations. It has also been suggested that there be needs to be a difference in the instructional practices of the teachers in order to be able to do well on their exit examinations. Research Questions There are many research questions that can be answered through the research. One of the main questions is: What is the overall effect that the examination has had on how teachers’ are instructing their classrooms? Some other questions that can be answered include the following. How has your teaching style changed since the exit examination has been in place? What are the disadvantages to the exit examination? What are the advantages to the exit examination? Is there biasness against the rural school districts in the exit examination? Has the overall effect of the exit examination been good or bad for the students? What are the disadvantages for teachers who are teaching with the exit examination in place? To be able to answer these questions fully and completely will best show how the teachers are able to be in a better situation no matter what school district they are teaching in or the location of the school district.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty

â€Å"YOU SHOULD SLEEP.' Sydney's soft voice nearly made me leap out of my skin, proving that even while in Lissa's mind, I could still stay alert. I tuned back to Sonya's dark living room. Aside from Sydney, everything was quiet and at peace. â€Å"You look like the walking dead,' she continued. â€Å"And I don't say that lightly.' â€Å"I've got to stay on watch,' I said. â€Å"I'll watch. You sleep.' â€Å"You're not trained like me,' I pointed out. â€Å"You might miss something.' â€Å"Even I wouldn't miss Strigoi beating down the door,' she replied. â€Å"Look, I know you guys are tough. You don't have to convince me. But I have a feeling things are going to get harder, and I don't want you passing out at some crucial moment. If you sleep now, you can relieve Dimitri later.' Only the mention of Dimitri made me give in. We would need to relieve each other eventually. So, reluctantly, I crawled into Sydney's bed on the floor, giving her all sorts of instructions that I think she rolled her eyes at. I fell asleep almost instantly and then woke up just as quickly when I heard the sound of a door closing. I immediately sat upright, expecting to see Strigoi busting down the door. Instead, I found sunlight creeping in through the windows and Sydney watching me with amusement. In the living room, Robert was sitting up on the couch, rubbing his eyes. Victor was gone. I turned to Sydney in alarm. â€Å"He's in the bathroom,' she said, anticipating my question. That was the sound I'd heard. I exhaled in relief and stood up, surprised at how even a few hours of sleep had energized me. If I only had food, I'd be ready for anything. Sonya didn't have any, of course, but I settled for a glass of water in the kitchen. As I stood there drinking, I noticed that the Dashkov brothers had made themselves at home: coats hanging on hooks, car keys on the counter. I quietly grabbed hold of the keys and called for Sydney. She came in, and I slipped her the keys, trying not to let them rattle. â€Å"Do you still know about cars?' I murmured. In one exquisite look, she told me that was a ridiculous and insulting question. â€Å"Okay. Can you go do a grocery run? We're going to need food. And maybe on your way out, you can, um, make sure their car has engine trouble or something? Anything that keeps it here. But not something obvious, like slashed tires.' She put the keys in her pocket. â€Å"Easy. Got any food requests?' I thought about it. â€Å"Something with sugar. And coffee for Dimitri.' â€Å"Coffee's a given,' she said. Victor stepped into the kitchen, his typically unconcerned expression making me think he hadn't heard me instructing Sydney to sabotage his car. â€Å"Sydney's getting groceries,' I said, hoping to distract him before he might notice the missing keys. â€Å"Need anything?' â€Å"A feeder would be nice, but barring that, Robert has an especial liking for Cheerios. The apple cinnamon kind.' He smiled at Sydney. â€Å"I never thought I'd see the day an Alchemist would be an errand girl. It's charming.' Sydney opened her mouth, no doubt to make some biting comment, and I quickly shook my head. â€Å"Just go,' I said. She went, and Victor soon returned to Robert's side. Convinced the brothers wouldn't be going anywhere in full daylight without a car, I decided it was time to check on Dimitri. To my surprise, Sonya was awake. She sat cross-legged on the bed with him, and the two spoke in hushed tones. Her hair was disheveled from both sleep and fighting, but otherwise, she showed no cuts or bruises from the battle. Dimitri had been the same after his transformation, escaping terrible burns. The power of a Strigoi restoration healed all injuries. Between my skinned legs and pseudo-concussion, I kind of wished someone had transformed me from a Strigoi. Sonya turned from Dimitri as I entered. A sequence of emotions passed across her face. Fear. Astonishment. Recognition. â€Å"Rose?' There was hesitancy in the word, like she wondered if I was a hallucination. I forced a smile. â€Å"It's good to see you again.' I chose not to add, â€Å"Now that you're not trying to suck the life out of me.' She averted her eyes down to her hands, studying her fingers like they were magical and wonderful. Of course, after being a monster, maybe having her â€Å"old hands' back really was wondrous. The day after his change, Dimitri hadn't seemed quite so fragile, but he'd certainly been in shock. That was also when he'd grown depressed. Was she? Or did she want to turn again, as Victor had suggested? I didn't know what to say. It was all so strange and awkward. â€Å"Sydney went for groceries,' I told Dimitri lamely. â€Å"She also stayed up so that I could sleep last night.' â€Å"I know,' he said with a small smile. â€Å"I got up once to check on you.' I felt myself flushing, somehow embarrassed that I'd been caught in weakness. â€Å"You can rest too,' I told him. â€Å"Get some breakfast, and then I'll keep an eye on everything. I have it on good authority that Victor's going to have car trouble. Also that Robert really likes Cheerios, so if you want some, you're out of luck. He doesn't seem like the sharing type.' Dimitri's smile grew. Sonya suddenly lifted her head. â€Å"There's another spirit user here,' she said, voice frantic. â€Å"I can feel it. I remember him.' She looked between Dimitri and me. â€Å"It's not safe. We're not safe. You shouldn't have us around.' â€Å"Everything's fine,' said Dimitri, voice so, so gentle. That tone was rare for him, but I'd heard it before. He'd used it on me in some of my most desperate moments. â€Å"Don't worry.' Sonya shook her head. â€Å"No. You don't understand. We †¦ we're capable of terrible things. To ourselves, to others. It's why I changed, to stop the madness. And it did, except †¦ it was worse. In its way. The things I did †¦' There it was, the same remorse Dimitri had felt. Half-afraid he'd start telling her there was no redemption for her either, I said, â€Å"It wasn't you. You were controlled by something else.' She buried her face in her hands. â€Å"But I chose it. Me. I made it happen.' â€Å"That was spirit,' I said. â€Å"It's hard to fight. Like you said, it can make you do terrible things. You weren't thinking clearly. Lissa battles with the same thing all the time.' â€Å"Vasilisa?' Sonya lifted her eyes and stared off into space. I think she was digging through memories. In fact, despite her ramblings now, I didn't believe she was quite as unstable as she'd been just before becoming Strigoi. We'd heard healings could lessen spirit's madness, and I think Robert's transformation had lightened some of the darkness within her for now. â€Å"Yes, of course. Vasilisa has it too.' She turned to me in a panic. â€Å"Did you help her? Did you get her out of there?' â€Å"I did,' I said, trying to emulate Dimitri's gentleness. Lissa and I fled St. Vladimir's for a while, partly because of warnings from Sonya. â€Å"We left and then came back and, uh, were able to stop what was hunting her.' I didn't think it was a good idea for Sonya to know that the thing–or rather, person–hunting Lissa was now sitting out in the living room. I took a step forward. â€Å"And you can help Lissa too. We need to know if–‘ â€Å"No,' said Dimitri. No gentleness now in the warning look he gave me. â€Å"Not yet.' â€Å"But–‘ â€Å"Not yet.' I shot him a glare in return but said no more. I was all for giving Sonya her recuperation time, but we didn't have forever. The clock was ticking, and we had to find out what Sonya knew. I felt like Dimitri would have been able to give us this information immediately after he'd been changed back. Of course, he hadn't been unstable beforehand, so he'd kind of had an edge. Still. We couldn't play house in Kentucky forever. â€Å"Can I see my flowers?' asked Sonya. â€Å"Can I go outside and see my flowers?' Dimitri and I exchanged glances. â€Å"Of course,' he said. We all moved toward the door, and that's when I had to ask. â€Å"Why did you grow flowers when you were †¦ like you were?' She paused. â€Å"I've always grown flowers.' â€Å"I know. I remember. They were gorgeous. The ones here are gorgeous too. Is that why †¦ I mean, did you just want a pretty garden, even as a Strigoi?' The question was unexpected and seemed to throw her off. I was about to give up on an answer when she finally said, â€Å"No. I never thought about pretty. They were †¦ I don't know. Something to do. I'd always grown flowers. I had to see if I still could. It was like †¦ a test of my skills, I guess.' I met Dimitri's eyes again. So. Beauty hadn't been part of her world. It was just like I'd told him. Strigoi were notoriously arrogant, and it seemed the flowers had simply been a show of prowess. Growing them had also been a familiar habit for her, and I recalled how Dimitri had read Western novels while Strigoi. Being Strigoi might cost someone their sense of goodness and morality, but old behaviors and hobbies remained. We took her out to the living room, interrupting a conversation between Victor and Robert. Sonya and Robert both froze, sizing each other up. Victor gave us one of his knowing smiles. â€Å"Up and around. Have we found out what we need yet?' Dimitri shot him a look similar to what I'd received when asking about interrogation. â€Å"Not yet.' Sonya dragged her gaze from Robert and moved quickly toward the patio door, pausing when she saw our shoddy patch job. â€Å"You broke my door,' she said. â€Å"Collateral damage,' I said. In my periphery, I think Dimitri rolled his eyes. Needing no guidance from us, Sonya opened the door and stepped outside. With a gasp, she came to a halt and stared upward. The sky was a perfect, cloudless blue, and the sun had crossed the horizon now, illuminating everything in gold. I went outside too, feeling the warmth of that light on my skin. Some of the night's coldness lingered, but we were in store for a hot day. Everyone else came out too, but Sonya was oblivious. She lifted her hands upward, as though maybe she could grab hold of the sun and wrap it in her arms. â€Å"It's so beautiful.' She finally looked away and met my eyes. â€Å"Isn't it? Have you ever seen anything so beautiful?' â€Å"Beautiful,' I reiterated. For some reason, I felt both happy and sad. She walked around her yard, examining every plant and flower. She touched the petals and inhaled their fragrance. â€Å"So different †¦' she kept saying to herself. â€Å"So different in the sun †¦' Several especially caught her attention. â€Å"These don't open at night! Do you see it? Do you see the colors? Can you smell that?' The questions didn't seem to be for anyone in particular. We watched, all of us kind of hypnotized. At last, she settled into the patio chair, happily gazing around, lost in sensory overload–in that beauty that had been denied to her as a Strigoi. When it became obvious she wasn't leaving for a while, I turned to Dimitri and repeated Sydney's advice about him taking a turn at sleeping while we waited for Sonya to recover. To my surprise, he actually agreed. â€Å"That's smart. Once Sonya's able to talk, we'll need to move.' He smiled. â€Å"Sydney's turning into a battle mastermind.' â€Å"Hey, she's not in charge here,' I teased. â€Å"She's just a soldier.' â€Å"Right.' He lightly brushed his fingers against my cheek. â€Å"Sorry, Captain.' â€Å"General,' I corrected, catching my breath at that brief touch. He gave Sonya a kind goodbye before disappearing into the house. She nodded, but I don't know if she really heard. Victor and Robert brought out two wooden kitchen chairs and set them in the shade. I chose a spot on the ground. Nobody spoke. It wasn't the weirdest thing I'd ever experienced, but it was certainly strange. Sydney returned later with the groceries, and I briefly abandoned the group to check in with her. Victor's keys were lying back on the counter, which I took as a good sign. Sydney unloaded an assortment of food and handed me a box of a dozen donuts. â€Å"Hope that's enough for you,' she remarked. I made a face at her presumption but took the donuts anyway. â€Å"Come on outside when you're done,' I told her. â€Å"It's like the barbecue of the damned. Except †¦ there's no grill.' She looked puzzled, but when she joined us later, she seemed to get what I'd been saying. Robert brought out a bowl of Cheerios, but neither Sydney nor Victor ate. I gave Sonya a donut, the first thing that took her attention from her yard. She held it in her hands, turning it over and over. â€Å"I don't know if I can. I don't know if I can eat it.' â€Å"Of course you can.' I recalled how Dimitri had regarded food uncertainly too. â€Å"It's chocolate-glazed. Good stuff.' She took a tentative, rabbit-sized bite. She chewed it a billion times and finally swallowed. She closed her eyes briefly and sighed. â€Å"Such sweetness.' Slowly, she continued taking more tiny bites. It took forever for her to get halfway through the donut, and at that point, she finally stopped. I'd polished off three donuts by then, and my impatience to accomplish something was growing. Part of it was still the irritability from spirit, and part of it was just my continual restlessness to help Lissa. â€Å"Sonya,' I said pleasantly, fully aware of how pissed off Dimitri was going to be at me defying his instructions. â€Å"We wanted to talk to you about something.' â€Å"Mm-hmm,' she said, gazing at bees hovering around some honeysuckle. â€Å"Is there a relative of yours †¦ someone who, uh, had a baby a while ago †¦ ?' â€Å"Sure,' she said. One of the bees flew from the honeysuckle to a rose, and she never looked away. â€Å"Lots.' â€Å"Articulate, Rosemarie,' remarked Victor. â€Å"Very articulate.' I bit my lip, knowing an outburst would upset Sonya. And probably Robert too. â€Å"This would be a secret baby,' I told her. â€Å"And you were the beneficiary on a bank account that took care of the baby †¦ an account paid for by Eric Dragomir.' Sonya's head whipped toward me, and there was no dreamy absentmindedness in her blue eyes now. A few seconds passed before she spoke. Her voice was cold and hard–not a Strigoi voice, but definitely a back off voice. â€Å"No. I don't know anything about that.' â€Å"She's lying,' said Robert. â€Å"I didn't need any powers to figure that out,' scoffed Sydney. I ignored both of them. â€Å"Sonya, we know you know, and it's really important we find this baby †¦ er, child. Person.' We'd made guesses on the age but weren't 100 percent sure. â€Å"You said you were worried about Lissa earlier. This will help her. She needs to know. She needs to know she has another family member.' Sonya turned her attention back to the bees, but I knew she was no longer watching them. â€Å"I don't know anything.' There was a trembling in her voice, and something told me that maybe I shouldn't push this after all. I couldn't tell if she was afraid or on the verge of rage. â€Å"Then why were you on the account?' This came from Victor. â€Å"I don't know anything,' she repeated. Her voice could have made icicles form on the ornamental trees. â€Å"Nothing.' â€Å"Stop lying,' snapped Victor. â€Å"You know something, and you're going to tell us.' â€Å"Hey!' I exclaimed. â€Å"Be quiet. You don't have interrogation rights here.' â€Å"You didn't seem to be doing a very good job.' â€Å"Just shut up, okay?' I looked back at Sonya, replacing my glare with a smile. â€Å"Please,' I begged. â€Å"Lissa's in trouble. This will help her. I thought you said before that you wanted to help her?' â€Å"I promised †¦' said Sonya. Her voice was so low, I could barely hear it. â€Å"Promised what?' I asked. Patience, patience. I had to remain calm. I couldn't risk a breakdown. She squeezed her eyes shut and raked her hands through her hair violently, almost like a child about to have a tantrum. â€Å"Promised not to tell. Promised not to tell anyone †¦' I had the urge to run over and shake her. Patience, patience, I repeated to myself. Don't upset her. â€Å"We wouldn't ask you to break your promise if it wasn't important. Maybe †¦ maybe you can get in touch with this person †¦' Who had she promised? Eric's mistress? â€Å"And see if it's okay to tell us?' â€Å"Oh for God's sake,' said Victor irritably. â€Å"This is ridiculous and getting us nowhere.' He glanced at his brother. â€Å"Robert?' Robert hadn't done much so far today, but at Victor's command, Robert leaned forward. â€Å"Sonya?' Still obviously distraught, she turned to look at him †¦ and her face went still. â€Å"Tell us what we need to know,' said Robert. His voice wasn't kind so much as smooth and lulling, with a faintly sinister touch. â€Å"Tell us who and where this child is. Tell us who the mother is.' This time, I did jump to my feet. Robert was using compulsion on her to get the answers. Sonya's eyes stayed locked on him, but her body began to shake. Her lips parted, though no sound came out. A tangle of thoughts swirled in my mind. Compulsion would get us what we needed to know, but something told me, it wasn't right– Sonya stopped me from any more pondering. She shot up almost as quickly as I had. She was still staring at Robert, but no longer in that transfixed, hypnotized way. She'd broken the compulsion, and now †¦ now she was pissed. The features that had been scared and fragile earlier were filled with fury. I had no magical senses, but after being with Lissa, I knew raging spirit when I saw it. Sonya was a bomb, about to explode. â€Å"How dare you †¦' she hissed. â€Å"How dare you try to compel me?' Plants and vines near Robert suddenly sprang to life, growing to impossible heights. They reached out, tangled themselves around his chair's legs, and pulled. The chair toppled over, Robert along with it. Victor moved to help his brother, but Robert was already taking matters into his own hands. Recovering remarkably fast, he narrowed his eyes at Sonya, and she went flying backward, slamming against the wooden fence. Air users could do that trick sometimes, but this wasn't air blowing her back. This was spirit's telekinetic abilities. He apparently possessed them outside of dreams too. Lovely. I'd seen spirit users battle it out before, when Avery Lazar and Lissa had gone one on one. That hadn't been pretty, particularly since more than this exterior psychic phenomena had occurred. Avery had actually dug into Lissa's mind–and mine. I didn't know Robert or Sonya's full skill set, but this couldn't end well. â€Å"Dimitri!' I yelled, springing toward Sonya. I didn't exactly know what I was going to do, but tackling her seemed like a sound plan. From what I'd observed, a lot of spirit involved eye contact with the target. And sure enough, when I managed to wrestle her to the ground, she struggled half- heartedly but mostly fought to keep her gaze on Robert. He screamed in sudden alarm, looking down at his own body in terror. Sonya was planting visions into his head. His expression hardened. He had to know it was an illusion, and a few moments later, he looked up, having broken her spell like she'd broken his earlier compulsion. Dimitri came tearing out the door at that point, just as Robert used his mind to fling one of the chairs toward Sonya. Of course, I was on top of her, so the chair hit me in the back. Dimitri picked up pretty quickly what was going on and ran toward Robert, attempting the same tactic as me. Victor, possibly thinking his brother was in physical danger, tried to pry Dimitri away, which was futile. More vines began to reach toward Robert, and I realized constraining Sonya wasn't all that useful. â€Å"Get him inside!' I yelled to Dimitri. â€Å"Get him away from her!' Dimitri had already guessed that and began dragging Robert toward the door. Even with Victor interfering, Dimitri's strength was enough to get Robert out of there and back into the house. As soon as her target was gone, all the energy seemed to fade out of Sonya. She made no more efforts to fight me and collapsed to the ground. I was relieved, having feared she'd turn on me once Robert was gone. Tentatively, still on guard, I helped Sonya sit up. She leaned against me, weak as a rag doll, and cried into my shoulder. Another breakdown. After that, it was a matter of damage control. In order to keep the spirit users apart, Dimitri had taken Robert to the bedroom and left Victor with him. Robert seemed as worn out as Sonya, and Dimitri deemed the brothers safe enough to leave alone. Sonya collapsed on the couch, and after both Dimitri and I had tried to calm her down, we stepped away while Sydney held the Moroi woman's hand. I briefly recapped what had happened. Dimitri's face grew more and more incredulous as I did. â€Å"I told you it wasn't time!' he exclaimed. â€Å"What were you thinking? She's too weak!' â€Å"You call that weak? And hey, I was doing fine! It wasn't until Victor and Robert got involved that things went to hell.' Dimitri took a step toward me, anger radiating off him. â€Å"They should never have gotten involved. This is you, acting irrational again, jumping in foolishly with no thought of the consequences.' Outrage shot through me in return. â€Å"Hey, I was trying to make progress here. If being rational is sitting around and doing therapy, then I'm happy to jump over the edge. I'm not afraid to get in the game.' â€Å"You have no idea what you're saying,' he growled. We were standing closer now, hardly any space left between us as we engaged in our battle of wills. â€Å"This may have set us back.' â€Å"This set us forward. We found out she knows about Eric Dragomir. The problem is she promised not to tell anyone about this baby.' â€Å"Yes, I promised,' piped up Sonya. Dimitri and I turned as one, realizing our argument was fully visible and audible to Sonya and Sydney. â€Å"I promised.' Her voice was very small and weak, pleading with us. Sydney squeezed her hand. â€Å"We know. It's okay. It's okay to keep promises. I understand.' Sonya looked at her gratefully. â€Å"Thank you. Thank you.' â€Å"But,' said Sydney carefully, â€Å"I heard that you care about Lissa Dragomir.' â€Å"I can't,' interrupted Sonya, turning fearful again. â€Å"I know, I know. But what if there was a way to help her without breaking your promise?' Sonya stared at Sydney. Dimitri glanced at me questioningly. I shrugged and then stared at Sydney too. If someone had asked who could stage the best intervention with a crazy woman who'd formerly been an undead monster, Sydney Sage would have been my last guess. Sonya frowned, all attention on Sydney. â€Å"W-what do you mean?' â€Å"Well †¦ what did you promise exactly? Not to tell anyone that Eric Dragomir had a mistress and baby?' Sonya nodded. â€Å"And not to tell who they were?' Sonya nodded again. Sydney gave Sonya the warmest, friendliest smile I'd ever seen on the Alchemist. â€Å"Did you promise not to tell anyone where they are?' Sonya nodded, and Sydney's smile faltered a little. Then, her eyes lit up. â€Å"Did you promise not to lead anyone to where they are?' Sonya hesitated, no doubt turning every word over in her mind. Slowly, she shook her head. â€Å"No.' â€Å"So †¦ you could lead us to them. But not tell us where they actually are. You wouldn't be breaking the promise that way.' It was the most convoluted, ridiculous piece of logic I'd heard in a while. It was something I would have come up with. â€Å"Maybe †¦' said Sonya, still uncertain. â€Å"You wouldn't break the promise,' Sydney repeated. â€Å"And it would really, really help Lissa.' I stepped forward. â€Å"It would help Mikhail too.' Sonya's mouth dropped open at the mention of her former lover. â€Å"Mikhail? You know him?' â€Å"He's my friend. He's Lissa's friend too.' I almost said that if we found the missing Dragomir, we could then take Sonya to Mikhail. Recalling Dimitri's feelings of unworthiness, I decided to avoid that tactic just now. I didn't know how Sonya would react to a reunion with her beloved. â€Å"And he wants to help Lissa. But he can't. None of us can. We don't have enough information.' â€Å"Mikhail †¦' Sonya looked down at her hands again, small tears running down her cheeks. â€Å"You won't break your promise.' Sydney was so compelling she could have been a spirit user. â€Å"Just lead us. It's what Mikhail and Lissa would want. It's the right thing to do.' I don't know which argument convinced Sonya the most. It could have been the part about Mikhail. Or it could have been the idea of doing â€Å"the right thing.' Maybe, like Dimitri, Sonya wanted redemption for her Strigoi crimes and saw this as a chance. Looking up, she swallowed and met my eyes. â€Å"I'll lead you there,' she whispered. â€Å"We're going on another road trip,' Sydney declared. â€Å"Get ready.' Dimitri and I were still standing right next to each other, the anger between us beginning to diffuse. Sydney looked proud and continued trying her best to soothe Sonya. Dimitri looked down at me with a small smile that shifted slightly when he seemed to become aware of just how close we were. I couldn't say for sure, though. His face gave little away. As for me, I was very aware of our proximity and felt intoxicated by his body and scent. Damn. Why did fighting with him always increase my attraction to him? His smile returned as he tilted his head toward Sydney. â€Å"You were wrong. She really is the new general in town.' I smiled back, hoping he wasn't aware of my body's reaction to us standing so close. â€Å"Maybe. But, it's okay. You can still be colonel.' He arched an eyebrow. â€Å"Oh? Did you demote yourself? Colonel's right below general. What's that make you?' I reached into my pocket and triumphantly flashed the CR-V keys I'd swiped when we'd come back inside. â€Å"The driver,' I said.

Biotech foods essays

Biotech foods essays Campaign for Food Safety and Awareness Introduction___________________________________________________________ 3 The Project___________________________________________________________ 3 Significance___________________________________________________________ 4 Evaluation____________________________________________________________ 5 Team Budget__________________________________________________________ 6 Bibliography___________________________________________________________ 7 Supplemental Bibliography_______________________________________________ 8 Team Signatures_______________________________________________________ 9 The technological changes and innovations during the last 20 years have created a remarkable array of new creations. All living organisms are compromised of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains genes that are the blueprint for that organism. Scientists discovered that DNA was interchangeable between organisms and created new breeding methods such as crossbreeding, gene injection, and DNA modification techniques. This allowed scientists to take desirable traits from one organism and give that characteristic to another. A genetically engineered product is one that was developed by modifying DNA. (www.aphis.usda.gov/bbep/bp/overview.html) There has been an increase in generically engineered crops over the years and they continue to rise. In 1996, 4 million acres of land worldwide were planted with these crops versus having 98 million acres with genetically engineered crops in 1999 (Frankmore, p.A-38). In 1998, 77% of the worlds genetically engineered crops were produced in the United States (Batie, 1999). Currently the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require the labeling of genetically engineered products (Kessler, 1992, p. 1747). However, legislation is now being introduced into congress to determine how these products should be dea...

6 Quick and Easy Tips for Proofreading

6 Quick and Easy Tips for Proofreading 6 Quick and Easy Tips for Proofreading Us professional proofreaders are a mysterious breed; a clan of brooding grammar obsessives and spelling pedants, forever clinging on to our red correction pens and shouting verbose slogans about not splitting infinitives. Needless to say, this slavish devotion to typographical accuracy is why we’re so good at spotting mistakes that other people miss. Don’t worry, though, you don’t have to be quite so enamored with editorial excellence to proofread your own writing. To help out, we’ve prepared six quick tips for proofreading that anyone can use. 6 Tips for Proofreading Proofreading Tip #1 – Plan for Your Proofreading! The biggest mistake people make when proofreading is not allowing enough time. Spotting errors in your work requires patience and care, so you need to make sure you set aside time to go back over everything before the deadline for your paper. Proofreading Tip #2 – Vary Your Reading Style Proofreading demands slow and careful reading. The best way to do this is often to print out your work and read it on paper rather than on a computer screen, which gives you â€Å"fresh eyes† and helps make errors stand out. Alternatives include reading out loud, reading backwards (i.e., starting at the end of your paper) and even reading upside down! Proofreading Tip #3 – Use Computers Wisely†¦ Although printing your work out can aid proofreading, your computer also has a few tricks up its plastic sleeves. Spellcheckers, for example, can be invaluable. The â€Å"Find† function in Microsoft Word is a great time saver if you spot a repeated error, too, as it lets you quickly check for additional instances of the same kind. Proofreading Tip #4 – †¦But Look Out for Homonyms! The downside of computer spellcheckers is that they’ll miss erroneous homophones: i.e., words that sound the same as other words, so aren’t spelling mistakes, but are still not the word you intended. Computers can also struggle with acronyms and proper nouns, so be especially careful to double check these. Proofreading Tip #5 – Check Your References Referencing is often where errors creep into otherwise excellent academic papers, so make sure that you check your citations before submitting. The best way to do this is to compare your citations against a style guide provided by your college. Using a citation generator can help too. Proofreading Tip #6 – Stay Fresh! The last of our quick tips for proofreading is to stay fresh! Since concentration is vital to effective proofreading, it’s important to take a break now and then. It can even be worth taking a day away from your paper before you start proofreading. The first step to good proofreading, then, is sometimes to do something else entirely!

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - Assignment Example This is the stance of management ever since. Any marketing plan should begin with consumer and satisfying its wants because that is the only justification for the existence of a store, the Electro store for that matter. Electro Store should be able to understand the consumer’s needs, wants, desires, preferences, beliefs and other odd behaviors in order to win the customer. It is therefore the responsibility of Electro store to learn as much as possible these factors of potential customers. There are sociological factors that influence household purchasing decisions; these are cohesion, adaptability and communication. Cohesion is defined as the emotional bonding between family members. It measures how close to each other feel on an emotional level. It reflects a sense of connectedness to or separateness to other family members. Buying decisions are greatly influenced by the member of the family. There is no question that the bulk of household purchases are made by women, but major decisions like buying a car, appliances, or real property are jointly done by the husband and wife, and sometimes with consultation with children. A joint decision only shows cohesiveness of the family. Therefore when the buying decision is done the family as a group – the role of the marketers is to target the family through their marketing campaigns. Adaptability is described as the ability of the family to change its power, role, relationships, and relationship rules in response to situational and developmental stress. The degree of adaptability shows how well a family can meet the challenges presented by the situation. These challenges can come from reference groups that have the potentials of influencing behavior. Reference groups are groups of individuals that one interacts often. Examples are friends, family relatives, and co-workers. They have the potentials of influencing behavior. For example, if the product is visible like car, shoes or

Concept note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept note - Essay Example It is in directive to achieve responsibilities. ‘Alvin Toffler’ first interpreted the word ‘Adhocracy’ in the year 1970 (Mintzberg & McHugh, pp. 160-197, 1985). The origin of the term adhocracy demonstrates that it specifically defines to explain the flexible dealing with daily changing objectives and motives. Nowadays, in the modern culture, these types of operational systems can be under implementation in the firms having high-risk rates to survive and among the blue-collar organizations, and in those organizations that plan to short-term projects or developed on a temporary basis. Similarly, if the organization persists to develop its structure permanently and is aware of the future risks then it has to maintain its bureaucratic structure to fight with the long term business deals. It also helps to maintain the company’s good will and repute in professional market. This term clearly contradicts to the term bureaucracy that refers to set of defined rules and set hierarchy in accomplishing organizational goals (Thatchenkery, pp. 67-74, 2010). It is a method of supple and casual organization and administration instead of unbending bureaucracy. Adhocracy (Dolan, pp. 33-50, 2010) later on revised in some common literature and in governmental pomposity to define a kind of unsystematic answer by politicians to developing issues, generally focused around American fiscal policy and in foreign policy development, unanimously that resembles Lind bloom’s "muddling through" metaphor (Thatchenkery, pp. 67-74, 2010) than a flexible, but determined organizational strategy. In other words, Adhocracy is simply a flat structure organization that does not follow any hierarchy (Dolan, pp. 33-50, 2010). The norms and regulations of such an organization rely upon a typical non-bureaucratic chunk of ideas. Selective decentralization is a specific characteristic of adhocracy that means a focus of control for decision-making. This phenomenon ex ist in functional divisions within the organization for example the decentralization of the pool system in some organizations taking place of centralized culture and also hierarchical system that majorly defines the outlines for responsibilities in the respective areas that helps in capturing errors and biases more easily. In the adhocracy, the business is proficient of rearranging its own structure including vigorously altering the work ?ow, shifting accountabilities and adjusting to changing environments (Aart & Wielinga, pp. 567-599, 2004). Adhocracies are the organizations and systems with a very beautiful concept in which a system operates in a non-hierarchical structure and has no uniform procedures for dealing with daily problems, is low in reinforcement and prearranges a momentary life. The variance between an adhocracy and the dual intent of bureaucracies is that there is a lack of typical job description definition and no classi?cation of programmed circumstances in adhocr acy. Simultaneously, professional bureaucracy and machine bureaucracy (Baum, pp. 29-43, 1987) is an older shape of Adhocracy, when adhocracy takes a growing form, it may lead to these two possible compositions. Machine Bureaucracy (Huber, pp. 50-67, 2006) is an obvious in its rigid observance to the important individualities of Weberian style bureaucracy. It is a preferred model in a constant atmosphere with routinized procedures. In any case, workers within an adhocracy will have to ?nd innovative keys to

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Supply chain management - Essay Example Organisations now aim for customer loyalty while keeping cost of production low. This is shooting two birds in one shot but difficult to achieve; difficult because meeting the customer’s needs and wants at the same time minimising cost of production do not ensure quality product or service. Authors argue that customer satisfaction must be an important strategic part of marketing. Products and services must be geared towards customer focus, and customer satisfaction is a goal in a value added supply chain. Firms realise that supply chain management (SCM) can do wonders for the company and for the customer. SCM enables the company to cut costs and look for ways to satisfy customers. Supply chain management excellence is crucial to customer satisfaction; consequently, customer satisfaction is critical to customer loyalty, and loyalty critical to profitability (Reichheld 1996 cited in Flint et al., 2008, p. 258). In order to address the problem of customer loyalty, firms apply pro duct and service innovations. Supply chain learning should be a part of the firms’ strategies to address customer satisfaction and loyalty. This is also the main objective of market orientation – customer satisfaction through superior performance of products and services (Singh, 2004, p. 3). ... 258). Organisations keep constant contact with customers, looking for ways to satisfy their needs and wants. Good customer relation is an important aspect of business (McColl-Kennedy & Schneider, 2000, p. S884). To get closer to the customers, businesses have to work as cohesive organisations, using tools and technology (Gulati and Oldroyd, 2005, p. 92), and focus on knowledge-based economy, slowly moving away from the industrial economy. Identifying and working out to strengthen customer satisfaction, supply chains can help in having good relationship with customers, but supply chains have two attributes which are cost and service. Service is itself responsiveness to the customer’s demand, but demand can also increase cost. Putting on a lot of innovations on the product/s means adding cost on production. â€Å"Supply chain efficiency is measured as a cost of producing and delivering goods and service to the customer.† (Hines, 2004, p. 61) This means that if we increase responsiveness to supply chain, we add cost to the delivery of service. Businesses also have to care for their employees who are considered the most valuable asset of an organisation (Storey, 2007, p. 60). According to JoAnna Brandi (cited in Fisher, 2004), a consultant based in Boca Raton, Florida, employee happiness is somehow related to customer happiness. Customer relationship marketing (CRM) creates value for the customer (Chan, 2005, p. 32). Kotler et al. (cited in Blythe, 2006, p. 5) includes the idea of value in the definition of marketing, which is â€Å"the relationship between what is paid and what is received, and can be increased or reduced by marketing activities†

A Major Application Area Of Thermodynamics Engineering Essay

A Major Application Area Of Thermodynamics Engineering Essay A major application area of thermodynamics is refrigeration, which is the transfer of heat from lower temperature region to a higher temperature one. The devices that produce refrigeration are called refrigerators, and the cycles on which they operate are called refrigeration cycles. The most frequently used refrigeration cycle is a vapour-compression refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is vaporized and compressed alternatively and is compressed in the vapour phase. There are number of refrigerants which can be used in here, but the most commonly used on a commercial scale is a R12 (used in this experiment as well). The thermodynamics of ideal vapour compression cycle can be analyzed on a temperature versus entropy diagram as depicted in Figure 1. At point 1 in the diagram, the circulating refrigerant en- ters the compressor as a saturated vapour. From point 1 to point 2, the vapour is isentropically compressed (i.e., compressed at constant entropy) and exits the compressor as a superheated va- pour. From point 2 to point 3, the superheated vapour travels through part of the condenser which removes the superheat by cooling the vapour. Between point 3 and point 4, the vapour travels through the remainder of the condenser and is condensed into a saturated liquid. The condensation process occurs at essentially constant pressure. Between points 4 and 5, the saturated liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve (throttling device) and undergoes an abrupt decrease of pressure. This process results in the adia- batic flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of a portion of the liquid (typically, less than half of the liquid flashes). The adiabatic flash evaporation process is isenthalpic (i.e., occurs at con- stant enthalpy). Figure 12 Temperature Entropy diagram 1 www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/RefrigerationTS.png UMAR DARAZ Page 3 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Between points 5 and 1, the cold and partially vaporized refrigerant travels through the coil or tubes in the evaporator where it is totally vaporized by the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) that a fan circulates across the coil or tubes in the evaporator. The evaporator operates at essentially constant pressure. The resulting saturated refrigerant vapour returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete the thermodynamic cycle. The area under the process curve on T-s diagram represents the heat transfer for internally reversible processes. The area under the process curve 5-1 represents the heat absorption in the evaporator, the area under the process 2- 4 represents the heat rejection in the condenser. In the ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle all the heat losses and disruptions are being ignored, but in actual refrigeration cycle, we need to take these losses into consideration as they have been mentioned in this report later. The Hilton refrigeration laboratory unit R714 is capable of following entities;  · Investigation of the variation in refrigerator duty or cooling ability for various condens- ing temperature and the heat delivered to the cooling water with variation in condensing temperature. We can also investigate the variation in refrigeration coefficient of per- formance for the various condensing temperature.  · Investigation of the variation in coefficient of performance based on electrical, shaft and indicated power, determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient for the condenser cooling coil and performance of the thermostatic expansion valve.  · Investigation of the heat delivered to the cooling water with variation in condensing tem- perature, coefficient of performance as a heat pump for various condensing temperature, as well as power input based on electrical, shaft and indicated power. The important aspect of this report is to demonstrate the two laws of thermodynamics i.e. first and second law of thermodynamics. The first law is simply an expression of the conservation of energy principle, and it asserts that energy is thermodynamic property. Qout = Wnet + Qin Equation (1) In this experiment the Qin is provided by input voltage, this input is used to do the net work done on the refrigerant by compressor and motor, and the result of this produces the heat which is being removed by the condenser i.e. Qout. The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has quality and quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. UMAR DARAZ Page 4 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Aims and objectives: The Hilton refrigeration laboratory unit R712 has been designed to allow students to fully investigate the performance of a vapour compression cycle under various conditions of evaporator load and condenser pressure. The main objectives of this laboratory are listed below;  · The demonstration of application of the First and second law of thermodynamics.  · The introduction of to refrigeration plant and calculate the various coefficient of perform- ance.  · Investigation of system losses, this includes motor, compressor, evaporator and con- denser losses. These losses (friction, heat losses) occur only in practical/commercial refrigerator, there are no losses in ideal vapour compressor refrigerator. UMAR DARAZ Page 5 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Apparatus The figure shown below looks like a refrigeration laboratory unit R712 (not exactly it) and it consists of the following components; Figure 23 Refrigeration laboratory unit Panel: High quality glass reinforced plastic on which the following components are mounted. Refrigerant: R12 Digital Thermometer: A device that measures temperature. Wattmeter: Allows measurement of the power input to either evaporator or motor. Voltage Controller: To vary evaporator load. Variable Area Flow meters: Variable area types to indicator R12 and H2O flow rates. Pressure Gauges: To indicate R12 pressure in evaporator and condenser. Spring Balance and Tachometer: These two together allow measurement of power required to drive the compressor. Expansion Valve: Thermostatically controlled type i.e. throttling device. Evaporator: Electrically heated device i.e. heat exchanger Compressor: (Internally mounted) Twin cylinder belt driven unit, along with spring balance force system. Condenser: A device or unit used to condense vapor into liquid. It is also called heat exchanger. Motor: A machine that converts electricity into a mechanical motion. 3 www.p-a-hilton.co.uk/English/Products/ Refrigeration__2_/refrigeration__2_.html UMAR DARAZ Page 6 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Procedure4 In prior performing an experiment the most important things to do are, to measure the atmos- pheric pressure, which would be added to the gauge pressure to get an absolute pressure for both condenser and evaporator, and to balance the two tips of the spring balance force, being applied on the compressor. In failure to do these things would cause a sufficient amount of error in the final results. In this experiment the condenser pressure is being kept constant i.e. 900KPa. Step-1 Turn on the refrigeration plant using one of the control breakers, and setting the evaporator voltage i.e. 40 100 volts, at the same time balancing the two tips of compressor load and set the condenser pressure to 900KPa, using rota-meter. Step-2 Record the following values; Evaporator Amps (1-2.42A), from wattmeter, compressor speed using tachometer, water and refrigerant flow rate using flow meter. Step-3 Record the spring balance force, reading directly from the scale. The hot water is in the tubes is indicated by red and cold water is indicated by blue sign in the refrigeration plant. Step-4 The flow rate is controlled by a throttling device (valve), the small changes in opening and closing the valve, effect the condenser pressure. Step-5 The temperature values of the refrigerant at different stages in the whole cycle at constant pressure is given by temperature dialler. Now we had all the values we needed, now we changed evaporator Amps value, recorded rest of the values as mentioned earlier and repeated the whole experiment for three to four times. The Refrigeration Laboratory Unit has three controls. Firstly a combined miniature circuit breaker and switch turns on both the compressor motor and the supply to the electrically heated evaporator. A combined variable area water flow meter and valve allow control of the condenser pressure and a panel mounted voltage controller allows control of the evaporator load from zero to full power. Refrigerant R12 vapour is drawn into the compressor from the evaporator mounted on the front of the panel. Work is done on the gas in the compressor and its pressure and temperature are raised. This hot, high pressure gas discharges from the compressor and flows into the panel mounted water cooled condenser, where heat is removed from it. This liquid then flows through a thermostatic expansion valve. Here it passes through a controlled orifice, which allows its pressure to fall from that of the condenser to that of the evaporator. The refrigerant has a satu- rated vapour phase at this point. The voltage across the heater elements may be varied from zero to that of the mains supply voltage by adjustment of a voltage controller situated on the front panel. Measurement of the power is carried out by a panel mounted digital wattmeter. 4 http://www.p-a-hilton.co.uk/R714-Edition-2-GREY.pdf UMAR DARAZ Page 7 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Results The observation table below shows all the values of different components in the refrigeration plant along with input indices and output indices, enthalpy of the cycle and losses in the system. The calculations required to get those results (to complete the table) are also listed after this table below. 1 Condenser pressure (gauge) Pc KNm-2 900 900 900 2 Evaporator pressure (gauge) Pe KNm-2 -20 20 40 3 Condenser pressure (Abs) Pc KNm-2 1001.663 1001.663 1001.663 4 Evaporator pressure (Abs) Pe KNm-2 81.663 121.663 141.663 5 Compressor suction t1 0 C -23.5 -22.6 -5.2 6 Compressor delivery t2 0 C 59.9 68.5 69.4 7 Liquid leaving condenser t3 0 C 31.6 34.8 33.8 8 Evaporator inlet t4 0 C -32 -23.6 -19.1 9 Water inlet t5 0 C 23.8 21.6 21.4 10 Water outlet t6 0 C 41.2 38.6 39.5 11 Water flow rate Mw g s-1 1.5 5.0 6.0 12 R 12 Flow rate Mr g s-1 0.7 1.5 1.9 13 Evaporator Volts Ve V 40 70 100 14 Evaporator Amps Ie I 1 A 1.70 A 2.42 A 15 Motor Volts Vm V 235 232 232 16 Motor Amps Im A 3.6 3.6 3.6 17 Spring balance Force F N 5.5 7.5 8.2 18 Compressor speed nc rpm 477 474 473 UMAR DARAZ Page 8 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 19 Motor Speed = 3.17 ÃÆ'- nc Nm rpm 1512.09 1502.58 1449.71 20 h1 KJ/Kg 340 345 360 21 h2 KJ/Kg 385 400 420 22 h3 KJ/Kg 225 240 250 23 h4 KJ/Kg 160 170 180 24 Qe,Elec = Ve ÃÆ'- Ie W 40 119 242 25 Qe, R 12 = Mr(h1 h4) W 126 262.50 342 26 Wc = 0.0172ÃÆ'-FÃÆ'-Nm W 143.043 193.832 204.467 27 Power factor at shaft (power Wc) pf 0.43 0.48 0.52 28 Wm = Vm. Im. pf W 363.78 400.89 434.31 29 Wc = Mr (h2 h1) W 31.5 82.50 114.0 30 Q cond = Mr (h2 h3) W 112 240 323 31 Qw = Mw ÃÆ'- 4.18 (t6 t5) W 109.09 376.20 428.87 32 CoPnet = Qe, Elec / Wm 0.109 0.296 0.557 33 CoP R12 = (h1 h4)/(h2 h1) 4.0 3.1818 3.00 34 t41 can be found by (t1 t4) 0 C 8.5 1.00 13.9 35 CoP (te-t2) = t41 / (t2-t41) 0.165 0.015 0.250 36 Motor loss = Wc Wm W -220.73 -207.06 -229.84 37 Compressor loss = Wc-Wc W -111.54 -110.33 -90.47 38 System loss = Qcond Qw W 2.91 -136.20 -105.87 39 System loss = Qe, R12 Qe,Elec W 86 143.50 100.0 UMAR DARAZ Page 9 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Figure 3 A graph represents the relationship between net CoP and evaporator temperature Figure 4 A comparison of different losses of the system in one graph against Evaporator temperature The fluctuation and randomness in the graphs is because of the poor calibration and less number of repeated results (less tests provide less information), and most of the recorded results are based on guessed values. Calculations To find absolute pressure, we need an atmospheric and gauge pressure of the component. Now for two individual components,  · Condenser As we know Patm = à Ã‚ gh = 13600 kg/m3 ÃÆ'- 9.81 m/s2 ÃÆ'- 762 ÃÆ'-10-3m = 101.663ÃÆ'-103 Kg / ms2 = 101.663 KN/m2 Hence Pgauge,cond = 900 KN/m2 Pabs,cond = Patm + Pgauge,cond = 101.663 + 900 = 1001.663 KN/m2  · Evaporator As Patm = à Ã‚ gh = 13600 kg/m3 ÃÆ'- 9.81 m/s2 ÃÆ'- 762 ÃÆ'-10-3m = 101.663ÃÆ'-103 Kg / ms2 = 101.663 KN/m2 i. Pgauge,Evap = -20 KN/m2 Pabs,Evap = Patm + Pgauge,Evap Therefore = 101.663 + (-20)= 81.663 KN/m2 ii. Pgauge,Evap = 20 KN/m2 Pabs,Evap = Patm + Pgauge,Evap = 101.663 + (20)= 121.663 KN/m2 iii. Pgauge,Evap = 40 KN/m2 Pabs,Evap = Patm + Pgauge,Evap Therefore = 101.663 + 40 = 141.663 KN/m2 To find Qw (Heat removal from condenser) As we repeated the experiment three times, so water flow rate have three different values, hence we need to find Qw at three points, Qw = Mw ÃÆ'- 4.18 (t6 t5) When Mw = 1.5 gs-1, t6 = 41.2 0C, t5 = 23.8 0C Qw = 1.5 ÃÆ'-4.18 (41.2 23.8) = 109.098 W UMAR DARAZ Page 11 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 As Qw = Mw ÃÆ'- 4.18 (t6 t5) When Mw = 5.0 gs-1, t6 = 39.6 0C, t5 = 21.6 0C So Qw = 5.0 ÃÆ'-4.18 (39.6 21.6) = 376.2 W Qw = Mw ÃÆ'- 4.18 (t6 t5) When Mw = 6.0 gs-1, t6 = 38.5 0C, t5 = 21.4 0C Qw = 6.0 ÃÆ'-4.18 (38.5 21.4) = 428.87 W To find Wc (work done by the compressor or a shaft loss) The work done by the compressor depends on spring balance force and motor speed, hence to get more work done out of the compressor we need to increase any of the above mentioned parameters. Therefore Wc = 0.0172ÃÆ'-FÃÆ'-Nm i. Wc = 0.0172ÃÆ'-5.5ÃÆ'-1512.09 = 143.043 W ii. Wc = 0.0172ÃÆ'-7.5ÃÆ'-1502.58 = 193.832 W iii. Wc = 0.0172ÃÆ'-8.2ÃÆ'-1449.71 = 204.467 W To find Wm (work done by the motor on a shaft to rotate) The work done by the motor is a product of voltage provided, amount of current flowing the motor and power factor of the shaft, which gives us the following values; Wm = Vm ÃÆ'- Im ÃÆ'- pf i. Wm = 235 ÃÆ'- 3.6 ÃÆ'- 0.43 = 363.78 ii. Wm = 232 ÃÆ'- 3.6 ÃÆ'- 0.48 = 400.89 iii. Wm = 232 ÃÆ'- 3.6 ÃÆ'- 0.52 = 434.31 UMAR DARAZ Page 12 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 To find CoPnet (Total coefficient of performance of refrigerant) CoPnet = Qe, Elec / Wm By substituting different values of electric input heat energy (artificial input energy) and the work done by the motor, we get net coefficient of performance of the cycle, i. CoPnet = 40 / 363.78 = 0.109 = 11% ii. CoPnet = 119 / 400.89 = 0.296 = 30% iii. CoPnet = 242 / 434.31 = 0.557 = 56% To find CoP (te-t2) This is the coefficient of performance of ratio of temperature values at point 1-4 and difference of it, to the temperature of the refrigerant after compression, so we get following CoP (te-t2) = t41 / (t2-t41) i. CoP (te-t2) = 13.9 / (69.4 13.9) = 0.250 = 25% ii. CoP (te-t2) = 8.5 / (59.9 8.5) = 0.165 = 16% iii. CoP (te-t2) = 1.0 / (68.5 1.0) = 0.015 = 1.5% To find Qe, R 12(Heat removal from Evaporator) The given equation is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Qe, R 12 = Mr (h1 h4) By substituting different values of enthalpy, which we recorded from a pressure enthalpy diagram, so we get i. Qe, R 12 = 0.7 (340 160) = 126.0 ii. Qe, R 12 = 1.5 (345 170) = 262.5 iii. Qe, R 12 = 1.9 (360 180) = 342.0 UMAR DARAZ Page 13 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 To find Wc (Input work done or compressor work loss) The input work done by the compressor can be calculated by finding flow rate of the refrigerant R12 and the difference of enthalpy of refrigerant before and after the compression. Wc = Mr (h2 h1) Substituting all three values of the above parameters (variables), we get i. Wc = 0.7 (385 340) = 31.5 ii. Wc = 1.5 (400 345) = 82.5 iii. Wc = 1.9 (420 360) = 114 To find Q cond (Heat loss by the condenser) Similarly heat loss by the condenser is a product of refrigerant flow rate to the difference of enthalpy values of it, before entering and leaving the condenser, we get Q cond = Mr (h2 h3) Now, using above stated equationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ i. Q cond = 0.7 (385 225) = 112 ii. Q cond = 1.5 (400 240) = 240 iii. Q cond = 1.9 (420 250) = 323 To find CoPR12 (Coefficient of performance of refrigerant) CoP R12 = (h1 h4)/(h2 h1) Coefficient of performance of refrigerant is a ratio of all the enthalpy values in the cycle, here note that for ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle h3 = h4 Hence we get i. CoP R12 = (340 160) / (385 340) = 4.00 ii. CoP R12 = (345 170) / (400 345) = 3.1818 iii. CoP R12 = (360 180) / (420 360) = 3.00 UMAR DARAZ Page 14 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Systems losses Motor loss = Wc Wm = 143.043 363.78 = -220.75 = 193.832 400.89 = -207.06 = 204.467 434.31 = -229.84 Compressor loss = Wc-Wc = 31.5 143.043 = -111.54 = 82.5 -193.832 = -110.33 = 114 204.467 = -90.47 System loss = Qcond Qw = 112 109.09 = 2.91 = 240 376.20 = -136.20 = 323 428.87 = -105.87 System loss = Qe, R12 Qe,Elec = 126 40 = 86.00 = 262.5 119 = 143.50 = 342 242 = 100.00 UMAR DARAZ Page 15 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Discussion of Results The observation table of results has been listed on page 8 9, and it is followed by all the calculations required to complete the table or to get the results. The experiment has been repeated three times, so all the results (values have been listed three times. In the calculation section the system losses and heat energy are shown as negative val- ues, its because the work is done on the system and heat is being removed from that particu- lar system, in this case its condenser. The positive values of system loss and heat energy shows that heat is being add in the system and work is done by the system, and in this case its evaporator. The condenser pressure i.e.900 KPa, was not exactly 900 KPa. As we were set- ting the pressure manually, so in the whole experiment the pressure was 900 KPa  ± 10%, it was because of the fluctuation in the gauge needle, so we assumed the considered pressure. The compressor pressure applied by spring balance force, affected the work done of the com- pressor on the refrigerant R12, because to get an accurate compressor work done, the two tips of the spring balance should be in balance (level), but during an experiment we were getting random values (results), so then I realised that something is wrong, so I looked at all the components of the refrigeration plant, and I found that the two tips of the spring were not bal- ance. Hence to get right results we had to redo the experiment. The throttling device or valve has a huge impact on condenser pressure, because by opening or closing i.e. changing a flow rate make a considerable amount of difference on condenser pressure and evaporator tem- perature. Motor loss refers to the consumption of electrical energy not converted to useful mechanical energy output, but in this case energy loss means less input energy to the compressor, which means a refrigerant would be less compressed by a compressor, so less heat would be re- moved by the condenser, and even after passing through the valve the refrigerant would still have a high temperature and pressure, hence less refrigeration would occur in a vapour com- pression cycle. Therefore we need to take into account power losses in the electric motor. In order to study this process more closely, refrigeration engineers use this pressure en- thalpy diagram shown in Figure 5. This diagram is a way of describing the liquid and gas phase of a substance. Enthalpy can be thought of as the quantity of heat in a given quantity, or mass of substance. The curved line is called the saturation curve and it defines the boundary of pure liquid and pure gas, or vapour. In the region marked vapour, its pure va- pour. In the region its marked liquid, it is a pure liquid. If the pressure rises so that we are considering a region above the top of the curve, there is no distinction between liquid and va- pour. Above this pressure the gas cannot be liquefied. This is called the Critical Pressure. In the region underneath the curve, there is a mixture of liquid and vapour. UMAR DARAZ Page 16 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 3 2 4 1 Figure 65 Pressure Enthalpy diagram Evaporator Pressure line Condenser pressure line stage (Not a straight line) Isobar Condensation stage sion valve R12 Evaporation process 5 http://www.mvsengineering.com/chapter18.pdf UMAR DARAZ Page 17 of 22 Isentropic Compression R12 passing through Expan- Thermodynamics Lab 2 At the inlet of the compressor the temperature (t1) is the same as temperature of refrigerant R12 at the outlet of the evaporator. So we go straight from that temperature of left side of the doom (saturated liquid) to the right side of the doom (saturated vapour line), and then following the temperature gradient line, we go down and record the enthalpy value at that temperature and pressure. Similarly for the stage 2, we find h2 on x-axis. When the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it obtains a saturated liquid phase (left side of the doom), so taking the reference of condenser pressure line (red line), we take a straight line parallel to the y-axis, and wherever it meets the x-axis gives a value of enthalpy (h3) at stage three. In actual refrigerant plant, enthalpy at stage 3 and stage 4 is not same, but for the sake of calculation we assume that its an ideal condition and enthalpy at these two points is same. Test 1 As Compressor suction = t1 = -23.5 0C and condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h1 = 340 KJ/Kg Compressor delivery = t2 = 59.9 0C and Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h2 = 385 KJ/Kg Here Liquid leaving condenser = t3 = 31.6 0C And Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h3 = 225 KJ/Kg As mentioned earlier that h3 = h4 (Ideal condition) Hence the enthalpy h4 = 225 KJ/Kg But using temperature at evaporator inlet, t4 = -32 0C, we get Actual enthalpy value, h4 = 160 KJ/Kg Test 2 As Compressor suction = t1 = -22.6 0C and condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h1 = 345 KJ/Kg (from above p-h diagram) Compressor delivery = t2 = 68.5 0C and Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence using Figure 4, we get enthalpy h2 = 400 KJ/Kg Here Liquid leaving condenser = t3 = 34.8 0C And Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h3 = 240 KJ/Kg UMAR DARAZ Page 18 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 As mentioned earlier that h3 = h4 (Ideal condition) Hence the enthalpy h4 = 240 KJ/Kg But using temperature at evaporator inlet, t4 = -23.6 0C, we get Actual enthalpy value using figure 4, h4 = 170 KJ/Kg Test 3 As Compressor suction = t1 = -5.2 0C and condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h1 = 360 KJ/Kg Compressor delivery = t2 = 69.4 0C and Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2 Hence the enthalpy h2 = 420 KJ/Kg Here Liquid leaving condenser = t3 = 33.8 0C And Condenser Pressure (Abs) = Pc = 1001.663 KNm-2, Evaporator Pressure = 40 KPa Hence the enthalpy h3 = 250 KJ/Kg As mentioned earlier that h3 = h4 (Ideal condition) Hence the enthalpy h4 = 250 KJ/Kg But using temperature at evaporator inlet, t4 = -19.1 0C, we get Actual enthalpy value at this stage, h4 = 180 KJ/Kg 6However the expansion of the high pressure liquid, process 5 1 above is non reversible. Notice that Expansion is a constant enthalpy process. It is drawn as a vertical line on the P-h diagram. No heat is absorbed or rejected during this expansion, the liquid just passes through a valve, like water coming out of a tap. The difference is that because the liquid is saturated at the start of expansion by the end of the process it is partly vapour. Point 1 is inside the curve and not on the curve as described in the Evaporation process. At point 4 it starts to condense and this continues until point 5 when all the vapour has turned into liquid. Point 5 is saturated liquid. If more heat is removed, the liquid cools. It is then called sub-cooled liquid. Hence h4 is on a saturated liquid line (left side of the doom), and does not appear in a vapour compression cycle, and this is the case in all three tests. 6 http://www.alephzero.co.uk/ref/vapcom.htm#ph UMAR DARAZ Page 19 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 As there is no moving part in the whole refrigeration plant apart from motor shaft of a compressor, so work done by them is zero, i.e. w = 0 So using steady state energy equation, we get W Q = h2 h1 Equation (2) As W =0, so equation (1) becomes Q = h2 h1 Or Q = h1 h2 Equation (3) The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP), of a heat pump (i.e. refrigerator) is the ratio of the change in heat at the output (the heat reservoir of interest) to the supplied work.To find Cop value of refrigeration plant as well as for the refrigerant is a good practice, because this will illustrate that how much efficient of these two are. 7It takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid. In other words a small amount of liquid circulating in a refrigerator can perform a large amount of cooling. This is one reason why the vapour compression cycle is widely used. The refrigeration system can be small and compact. Also from a practical point of view heat exchange is much better when using change of state evaporation and condensation. However the expansion of the high pressure liquid, process 5 1 above is non reversible. And so the efficiency of this cycle can never even approach Carnot efficiency. 7 http://www.alephzero.co.uk/ref/practcop.htm UMAR DARAZ Page 20 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2 Conclusion 8The vapour-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in many large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems but the efficiency of this cycle can never even approach Carnot efficiency, because of its low coefficient of performance. In the refrigeration plant the operating parameters can be varied by adjustment of condenser cooling water flow and electrically heated evaporator supply voltage. Components have a low thermal mass resulting in immediate response to control variations and rapid stabilisation. Instrumentation includes all relevant temperatures, condenser pressure, evaporator pressure, refrigerant and cooling water flow rates, evaporator and motor power, motor torque and com- pressor speed. The most of components of refrigeration plant used in this experiment (R712) are manually calibrated scales (not digital), and based on this poor calibration all the recorded results are being guessed on the base of individual judgment, which is wrong most of the time. Anyway a small amount of liquid circulating in a refrigerator can perform a large amount of cooling. This is one reason why the vapour compression cycle is widely used. The enthalpy values which are being recorded directly from enthalpy pressure diagram (Figure 4), and based on how unclear that diagram is, I would say it is not a great source of information, but still we use this to find enthalpy. The system (refrigeration plant) has some losses, which have described earlier in this report, this includes motor loss, condenser and evaporator loss. In conclusion, I would like to say that by doing this experiment I learnt a great amount of knowledge, about refrigeration plant, and how it works, what kind of cycle more often use for this, how much efficient is this and how to calculate the different losses in this system. I would say by understanding the operation of this small scale refrigeration plant, I think I would be able to operate on an industrial scale refrigeration plant, because the basic principle is same. 8 http://www.alephzero.co.uk/ref/vapcomcyc.htm UMAR DARAZ Page 21 of 22 Thermodynamics Lab 2